Introduction: ALTERNATIVE punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of ALTERNATIVE punishments, the moral and social effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

Deficit IRRIGATION is an essential optimization method for water consumption in irrigated lands and is feasible by irrigating only half of the furrows either constantly or ALTERNATIVEly. In order to evaluate yield, yield components, and water use efficiency of tomato (Super Strain B), this study was carried out at the field of Agriculture and Natural Resources, College of Karaj, Iran. The experiment was performed as a randomized full block design with three replicates including three treatments: full IRRIGATION, variable and constant ALTERNATIVE furrow IRRIGATION. IRRIGATION interval was calculated based on MAD=0.5 using a TDR moisture meter device. At the end of the growth season characteristics such as yield, plant height, number of fruit, fruit diameter, length of root and root dry weight were determined. Totally, deficit IRRIGATION produced significant effect (p<0.01) on yield and yield components. Yield reductions were determined to be about 10.17 and 34.46 percent respectively for variable and constant ALTERNATIVE furrow IRRIGATION as compared to full IRRIGATION. Reduction values were 16.67 and 30 percent for root length, 12 and 32.17 percent for root dry weight, 17.87 and 38.76 percent for plant height and 14.74 and 34.52 percent for number of fruit in ALTERNATIVE furrow IRRIGATION treatment as compared to full IRRIGATION, respectively. Water use efficiency was 1.8 and 1.3 times greater in variable and constant ALTERNATIVE furrow IRRIGATION compared to full IRRIGATION treatment. The results show that under conditions that land is not limiting factor area under cultivation can be nearly doubled by practicing deficit IRRIGATION so that total yield may increase considerably compared to that of full IRRIGATION practice. In this context, constant ALTERNATIVE furrow IRRIGATION compared to variable ALTERNATIVE furrow IRRIGATION seems be economically more affordable because water use efficiency would be increased to as much as 1.8 times.

IRRIGATION management is one of the important factors influencing the development and distribution of plant roots, which is considered by many researchers. The purpose of this study was to study the growth and distribution of corn root in various IRRIGATION management systems. This research was carried out as a split plot in a randomized complete block design at Kabootarabad Research Station in Isfahan. The main factor was consisted of three levels of IRRIGATION regime I1 (100%), I2 (80%), I3 (60%) and the sub-factor was included three IRRIGATION methods, conventional, ALTERNATIVE and fixed furrow IRRIGATION. The measured parameters of root were length, surface, volume, fresh and dry weight, which were carried out in 5 stages of plant growth including 9-leaf, 14-leaf, inflorescence emergence, milking and physiological examination. The results showed that the effect of IRRIGATION regimes and the type of IRRIGATION method on root traits was statistically significant at 5% level. The highest amount of root traits was corresponded to I1 regime and conventional furrow IRRIGATION, and the lowest one was corresponded to I3 regime and fixed furrow IRRIGATION. The highest amount of root traits was obtained in the soil layer of 0-20 cm for all regimes and IRRIGATION methods. From the 9-leaf to the milky stage, the root traits had a bullish trend, then after constant and at the end of growing season declined. Generally, a suitable root system for absorption of water and nutrients required by the plant can be achieved by application of a deficit IRRIGATION rate up to 20% in conventional furrow IRRIGATION or ALTERNATIVE furrow IRRIGATION, which leads to save water consumption.

IRRIGATION management is one of the most important factors affecting the development and expansion of the plant root. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different deficit IRRIGATION treatments on the root characteristics of fodder maize (KSC 704) in surface drip IRRIGATION system. This research was conducted in agricultural research center of Khorasan Razavi during the 2014 growing season. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with nine treatments and four replications was carried out. Treatments included full IRRIGATION (FI), deficit IRRIGATION (DI) and replacements of 80 and 60% of total water requirement, partial root zone drying (PRD) at 100, 80 and 60% of water requirement and fixed partial root zone drying (FPRD) at 100, 80 and 60% of water requirement. Water requirement was determined based on compensation of soil moisture deficit using an electromagnetic moisture meter. Water was measured by volume meters and distributed in the field. The first stress was applied at the 6-leaf stage of maize. Two weeks after applying the first deficit IRRIGATION treatment in the 10-leaf stage of the plants, the first root sampling performed. Dry weight and volume, lateral and deep penetration of roots were measured at each sampling. The results showed that in all treatments the average amount of all measured traits decreased with decreasing water consumption. There was no significant difference among root dry weight of FI, PRD100 and PRD80 treatments. Root volume was affected by water stress but application of PRD80 method prevented the negative effects of water stress on root volume. Therefore, PRD method is more efficient compared to DI and FPRD methods when applied water stress, and water and nutrients will be absorbed at a higher level by root.

In order to investigate the effects of deficit IRRIGATION and partial root zone drying technique on potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.cv. Agria) crop, an green house experiment was carried out in Shahrekord University in spring, 2012. A completely randomized block design with seven treatments and three replications was done. Potatoes were subjected to water treatments Full IRRIGATION (FI), Deficit IRRIGATION (DI) and Partial root zone drying (PRD) in three levels of soil matric potential (-60, -80, -120kpa) after tuber initiation. SAS v.9 software and LSD test at 5% probability level used for analysis of variance and comparison of means, respectively. The results of this study showed fresh and dry biomass, root weight, root length, root volume, harvest index, water use efficiency and starch at 1% and tuber dry matter and number of tuber in plant in 5% probability level were affected by different IRRIGATION treatment. Also PRD improved biomass, root volume, tuber in plant, harvest index and tuber size. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) was also higher 21.45% in PRD-80kpa (6.85 kg/m3) treatment than the others.

Based on the sugar beet high value and due to prolongation of growth period and relatively high water requirement, IRRIGATION of sugar beet with new methods such as ordinary and ALTERNATIVE tape and furrow IRRIGATION is of great importance. This study was conducted with three and two treatments for tape and furrow IRRIGATION, respectively. In each treatment, there were four rows of crops. The plots were irrigated as ordinary, and ALTERNATIVE methods of tape and furrow IRRIGATION and providing 70 and 100 percent of plant water requirement. The rate of water use, white sugar content, gross sugar content, sugar beet yield (root), white sugar yield, WUE of root yield, white sugar yield and WUE of gross sugar yield were compared in all treatments. The lowest and highest rates of water use were observed in the ALTERNATIVE and the ordinary furrow IRRIGATION, respectively. The highest root yield was also obtained from plots with ordinary furrow IRRIGATION. The amount of water use in drip (Tape) IRRIGATION was about 50% of furrow IRRIGATION, while the WUE of root yield, WUE of white sugar yield and WUE of gross sugar yield in ALTERNATIVE IRRIGATION treatment and 70% of plant water supply were highest and they were lowest in the ordinary furrow IRRIGATION treatment. ALTERNATIVE furrow IRRIGATION having 30% less water use than ordinary furrow IRRIGATION caused 15% reduction in root yield, but water use efficiency in root yield in ALTERNATIVE furrow IRRIGATION was more than that in ordinary furrow.

Under the conditions of limited availability of water resources and the relative abundance of arable land (the conditions prevailing in most parts of Iran), the main objective should be to enhance production per unit of water used and the optimal use of the soil these resources. In this context, a deficit IRRIGATION an alternate furrow IRRIGATION, was investigated at critical stages of maize plant growth, of and their combined effects on dry matter accumulation and water use efficiency was assessed. This research was performed as a randomized complete block design with three replication consisting of six treatments: full furrows IRRIGATION in growing season, alternate furrows IRRIGATION in the entire growing season, full IRRIGATION at the establishment stage and alternate IRRIGATION at other stages, full IRRIGATION at the flowering stage and alternate IRRIGATION at other stages, full IRRIGATION at establishment and flowering stage and alternate IRRIGATION at other stages, full IRRIGATION at flowering and ripening stages and alternate IRRIGATION at the other stages. The highest dry matter accumulation was 257 gr per plant, which belonged to IRRIGATION of all furrows during the entire growing season, and the lowest was 196 gr per plant, which belonged to the alternate IRRIGATION during the the entire growing season. During the most biomas yield (18385 kg) belonged to the full IRRIGATION of all during the entire growing season, bowever, the highest water use efficiency was 1.88’ which belonged to the full IRRIGATION at the flowering stage and alternate IRRIGATION other stages.

Different deficit IRRIGATION management scenarios as alternate furrow IRRIGATION with regard to sensitive growth stages of corn were assessed in terms of the effects on yield and yield components. The research was performed as a randomized full block design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments were comprised of: full furrow IRRIGATION within whole growing season, alternate furrow IRRIGATION in whole growing season, full IRRIGATION at the establishment stage and alternate IRRIGATION at the other stages, full IRRIGATION at flowering stage while alternate IRRIGATION at the other stages, full IRRIGATION at establishment and flowering stage accompanied by alternate IRRIGATION at the other stages, full IRRIGATION at flowering and ripening stages and alternate IRRIGATION in other stages. Overall, the effect of deficit IRRIGATION on yield and yield components was statistically significant (p<0.01). Full IRRIGATION in the whole growing season led to the highest wet forage yield (67022 kg/ha) and while alternate furrow IRRIGATION in the whole growing season, the lowest wet forage yield (50064 kg/ha). The most desirable treatment was recorded as: full IRRIGATION at the flowering stage and alternate IRRIGATION in the other stages. With this treatment, the reduction in wet and dry forage yields, leaves wet and dry weights as well as stem wet and dry weights in comparison with control were about 8 to 14 %. This is quiet acceptable as it saves 39% IRRIGATION water. The highest IRRIGATION water use efficiency (1.88 kg/m3) was achieved through full IRRIGATION at flowering stage with alternate IRRIGATION of the other stages.

Irrigated agriculture is the main user of the available water resources. About 70% of the total water withdrawals and 60-80% of total consumptive water use are consumed in IRRIGATION (Sepaskhah and Ahmadi, 2010). Due to changes in climatic parameters and reduction of available water resources, The application of water saving strategies such as deficit IRRIGATION with choosing suitable cultivation system compatible with ecological characteristics of the area such as intercropping, can reduced water use consumption. Many researchers have studied the effects of these methods on some components of yield and water use efficiency (Anderian, 2004; Caviglia et al, 2004; Filho, 2000; Tahir et al, 2003). In recent years, the concept of alternate partial root-zone drying IRRIGATION has been raised and attracted considerable interest. Partial rootzone drying technique (PRD) is a modified form of deficit IRRIGATION which involves IRRIGATION only one part of the root zone in each IRRIGATION event, leaving another part to dry to certain soil water content before rewetting by shifting IRRIGATION to the dry side (Sepaskhah and Ahmadi, 2010) that this technique has been less investigated in intercropping system. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of regulated deficit IRRIGATION (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) on yield and some components of intercropping Sorghum-Red bean...

Rice is one of the most important food products for more than 50% of the world's population (more than 3. 5 billion people). This plant is one of the crops that can be cultivated in various ways in different areas of the world. In most areas, rice is traditionally grown by transplanting seedlings into puddled field known as puddled transplanted rice (TPR). The other method of cultivation of this plant is dry seeded rice (DSR). While, direct dry seeded rice (DDSR) is the direct cultivation of rice seeds in a dry, non-submerged bed, without plowing and mulching. Other benefits of this method, in order to implement sustainable agriculture, can be mentioned as: reducing the movement of agricultural machinery on the farm, developing crop rotation, reducing environmental pollution and greenhouse gases, increasing the efficiency of consumption of high-consumption fertilizers and micronutrients. Regarding the worldwide prevalence of DDSR and some successful experiences in Golestan and Khuzestan Provinces, Iran, the current study was conducted to investigate the possibility of dry direct seeded rice by trickle IRRIGATION (T-tape). A field study was conducted using split plots based on randomized complete block with 3 replications at Lenjan region, Isfahan Prov., during 2019-2020. Main plots included drip IRRIGATION at 80, 100, and 120×pan (E-pan) which were called I1, I2 and I3, respectively and flood IRRIGATION (I4) as a control. Two cultivars of Sazandegi rice and line No. 2 were considered as sub plots. The dimensions of the main plots and the sub-plots were 20 × 5. 5 meter and 20 × 2. 5 meter, respectively. All amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and one third of nitrogen fertilizers were used at the time of bed preparation. In addition, the remaining two thirds of urea was divided and consumed equally during tillering and flowering stages. During the period of plant growth, the amount of IRRIGATION water was calculated and applied based on the cumulative evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan. For this purpose, by installing a Class A evaporation pan at the project site, the amount of daily evaporation was calculated and by considering the relevant coefficients, the amount of IRRIGATION water depth was calculated and performed. Statistical analyzes and graphs were performed using SAS ver. 9. 1, Excel software and comparisons of means were performed using Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that grain yield, water consumption and IRRIGATION water use efficiency were significantly affected by IRRIGATION regimes. The maximum grain yield (4709. 8 kg. ha-1) was obtained in treatment I4 which was 59. 31%, 25. 60% and 17. 72% higher than the grain yield in treatments (I1), (I2) and (I3), respectively. The higher yield in continues flooding treatment can be attributed to the absence of drought stress in this treatment, as well as higher number of full seeds per panicle and 1000-grain weight, reduction of percentage of porosity and more effective weed control. Comparison of means showed that the maximum water consumption (21008. 3 m3. ha-1) in continues flooding treatment and the minimum (8193. 3 m3. ha-1) in IRRIGATION treatment based on 80% evaporation from evaporation pan occurred. The reduction of water consumption in drought treatments was mainly due to the reduction of deep and lateral infiltration of water into the soil and the reduction of evaporation rate, which has been mentioned in other studies. This was while the highest rate of water saving in treatments (I1), (I2) and (I3) was equal to 61. 00%, 50. 95% and 41. 21%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. In addition, the maximum efficiency of IRRIGATION water consumption was calculated in treatments (I1), (I2), (I3) and (I4) to be 0. 34, 0. 34, 0. 31 and 0. 22 kg. m-3, respectively. The results also showed that drought treatment led to a decrease in plant height, plant tillering power, total number of paws and the number of fertile paws per unit area. The maximum plant height was obtained in the treatment of continues flooding of plants (99. 11 cm), while the height in drought treatments with an average height of 85. 3 cm showed a decrease of about 13%. Based on the results of this study, grain yield and optimal IRRIGATION water efficiency obtained in treatment (I3) indicated that Dry Direct-Seeded rice can be used as a substitute for continues flooding of rice to increase production and save water consumption.